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Powdered materials having diameters from 0.1 to 300 μm (micrometers) can be measured
with a precision of 1 mass percent over the entire size range provided three criteria are met:
- the particles must be more dense than the liquid in which they are suspended
- the particles must disperse, or break free of one another, in the liquid
- the particles must absorb more X-rays than the liquid so that adequate contrast with the liquid is created.
The last criterion generally means that the particles have atomic numbers greater than 8 (oxygen). Those composed exclusively of atomic species with atomic numbers below 8 will not absorb X-rays sufficiently and therefore are unsuitable for analysis. This category includes most organic compounds. However, particles containing elements of atomic number 8 (oxygen) and higher can be analyzed and this includes almost all inorganic compounds. A few basically organic materials that incorporate at least some higher elements from the periodic table also can be analyzed.